Disease in the News Free Essays

The article Tuberculosis in Africa- Combating an HIV-Drive Crisis is written by a Dr. Richard E. Chaisson, a medical doctor and Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Disease in the News or any similar topic only for you Order Now Neil A. Martinson, deputy director for the Perinatal HIV Research Unit at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008 ). According to the biography sketch of Dr. Chaisson listed at the website of CREATE (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic), Dr.  Chaisson is a professor of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and is currently a director for the Center for Tuberculosis Research and the Clinical Preventive TB Services in Baltimore City Health Department (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic 2008). He graduated summa cum laude from the University of Massachusetts and studied medicine from the University of Massachusetts Medical School in 1982 (2008). From then on, Chaisson interned at the University of California, interning at the Moffitt Hospital. (2008). Previous to his current position at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Chaisson was the director for the AIDS Service of Johns Hopkins Hospital (2008). He also served as attending physician in the AIDS Division of The Medical Service in San Francisco General Hospital (2008). Likewise, he has written more than 50 case reports, peer and non-peer reviewed articles on topics concerning HIV and tuberculosis (2008). Needless to say, his educational and professional background [in tuberculosis and AIDS] make him a credible source for this article which focuses on tuberculosis and AIDS. On the other hand, Neil Martinson, as stated earlier, is a deputy director for the Perinatal HIV Research Unit at a university in South Africa (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). Aside from his, Martinson is a Research Associate for the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, JHU Center for TB Research (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic 2008). Martinson’s credential as listed from the CREATE website state that Martinson took up his bachelor’s degree from the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, obtained his Membership of the Faculty of General Practitioners (MFGP) in College of Medicine in South Africa (2008). Furthermore, he completed his post- doctorate studies at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health (2008). Prior to his present position, Dr. Martinson served for the Johannesburg Community and the Johannesburg Urban Environmental Management (2008). He has since co-written peer-reviews research articles and non peer-reviewed publications on AIDS, focusing primarily of the South African health status (2008). While Dr. Chaisson’s fortes are tuberculosis and AIDS, Dr. Martinson’s strong points gear towards AIDS and South Africa. This makes Drs. Chaisson and Martinson credible in writing such article. Tuberculosis in Africa- Combating an HIV-Drive Crisis appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine on its Volume 358 (Chaisson and Martinson 2008). The journal is a weekly medical journal publishing review articles and medical research findings on areas such as â€Å"immunology, cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, kidney disease, oncology, pulmonary disease, rheumatology, HIV and infectious diseases† (New England Journal of Medicine, 2008). The article tackles the growing tuberculosis outbreak in Africa, a dangerous disease driven yet another perilous epidemic in the nation- AIDS and how it is being dealt with (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). The article starts off by stating that Africa is facing the â€Å"worst tuberculosis epidemic,† one that is driven by the HIV prevalence (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). The authors cited a World Health Organization (WHO) data affirming the status of tuberculosis incidence in African nations (29% of total global cases) (2008). It also exclaimed, based on two separate studies, that tuberculosis is the â€Å"most common coexisting condition† in deaths occurring in people with AIDS (2008). Said studies were published in 2002. The article was written just this year, in March. While the studies proved to be useful in preparing the article, this reviewer feels that the assertion would have been more forceful had the authors included studies that are up to date. For one, the WHO citation came from a 2007 WHO report. It is without a doubt, an updated report. The impact is still fresh. The article talks of a prevalent epidemic so it is rather important to have supporting data that are latest. Earlier studies would only serve as basis for comparison. In the article, the authors explained how tuberculosis and HIV are associated (2008). The explanation is simply stated and since this article is intended for a medical journal, this critic thinks that the explanation is written well, no beating around the bush. Instead, the elucidation is done matter of fact. There is no need for supporting statement or evidence since the article is targeted for those in the field of medicine. Hence, an explanation like this is something that they know of well. They probably memorize it. Since the disease is focusing only on Africa, the authors are able to provide a national perspective on the epidemic. Figures culled from Africa-related studies are enumerated, making it plain for the readers to realize that that this article is about Africa related incident alone. The focus is Africa so the authors did not include statistics from other countries. This provides a clear focus on the subject. The authors also explained how the nation is dealing with the epidemic. They said that while NGOs have helped tremendously in solving Africa’s health plague, a huge chunk of the money is allocated from HIV and not for tuberculosis. There is no supporting evidence to back this statement. Hence, this reviewer believes that this bold statement would have made more impact had the authors gave further corroboration. However, this critic also believes that this would have been difficult to make. Funding agencies would probably just state that they are donating money to help Africa solve its health problems and that would encompass HIV, tuberculosis, etc. A donation is still a donation and any help extended should be received with gratitude. Perhaps, it would have been easy if further studies regarding HIV-driven tuberculosis deaths are published. By then, prospective donors would be the first to extend their arms in funding. The authors enumerated ways on how Africa could deal with this dilemma – taking on new strategies regarding its health care system. They also cited WHO’s intervention. Additionally, they listed a study conducted in 2005 on the impact of antiretroviral therapy involving HIV infected patients in Brazil. This is promising, especially for those directly involved with the African health care system. It is good that the authors included this recent development for it would be something that Africa could look into. On the whole, the article is well-written. It is easy to read. The organization of data is presented in a way that the readers, technical or non-technical, would be able to follow it. Furthermore, the authors are two authorities in their respective fields and that alone makes them credible in writing such piece. The statements (majority) are backed with supporting evidence. They did not claim on how to eradicate the outbreak. They merely provided suggestions, again with evidence, on how it could be done. How to cite Disease in the News, Papers

Disease in the News Free Essays

The article Tuberculosis in Africa- Combating an HIV-Drive Crisis is written by a Dr. Richard E. Chaisson, a medical doctor and Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Disease in the News or any similar topic only for you Order Now Neil A. Martinson, deputy director for the Perinatal HIV Research Unit at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008 ). According to the biography sketch of Dr. Chaisson listed at the website of CREATE (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic), Dr.  Chaisson is a professor of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and is currently a director for the Center for Tuberculosis Research and the Clinical Preventive TB Services in Baltimore City Health Department (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic 2008). He graduated summa cum laude from the University of Massachusetts and studied medicine from the University of Massachusetts Medical School in 1982 (2008). From then on, Chaisson interned at the University of California, interning at the Moffitt Hospital. (2008). Previous to his current position at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Chaisson was the director for the AIDS Service of Johns Hopkins Hospital (2008). He also served as attending physician in the AIDS Division of The Medical Service in San Francisco General Hospital (2008). Likewise, he has written more than 50 case reports, peer and non-peer reviewed articles on topics concerning HIV and tuberculosis (2008). Needless to say, his educational and professional background [in tuberculosis and AIDS] make him a credible source for this article which focuses on tuberculosis and AIDS. On the other hand, Neil Martinson, as stated earlier, is a deputy director for the Perinatal HIV Research Unit at a university in South Africa (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). Aside from his, Martinson is a Research Associate for the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, JHU Center for TB Research (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic 2008). Martinson’s credential as listed from the CREATE website state that Martinson took up his bachelor’s degree from the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, obtained his Membership of the Faculty of General Practitioners (MFGP) in College of Medicine in South Africa (2008). Furthermore, he completed his post- doctorate studies at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health (2008). Prior to his present position, Dr. Martinson served for the Johannesburg Community and the Johannesburg Urban Environmental Management (2008). He has since co-written peer-reviews research articles and non peer-reviewed publications on AIDS, focusing primarily of the South African health status (2008). While Dr. Chaisson’s fortes are tuberculosis and AIDS, Dr. Martinson’s strong points gear towards AIDS and South Africa. This makes Drs. Chaisson and Martinson credible in writing such article. Tuberculosis in Africa- Combating an HIV-Drive Crisis appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine on its Volume 358 (Chaisson and Martinson 2008). The journal is a weekly medical journal publishing review articles and medical research findings on areas such as â€Å"immunology, cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, kidney disease, oncology, pulmonary disease, rheumatology, HIV and infectious diseases† (New England Journal of Medicine, 2008). The article tackles the growing tuberculosis outbreak in Africa, a dangerous disease driven yet another perilous epidemic in the nation- AIDS and how it is being dealt with (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). The article starts off by stating that Africa is facing the â€Å"worst tuberculosis epidemic,† one that is driven by the HIV prevalence (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). The authors cited a World Health Organization (WHO) data affirming the status of tuberculosis incidence in African nations (29% of total global cases) (2008). It also exclaimed, based on two separate studies, that tuberculosis is the â€Å"most common coexisting condition† in deaths occurring in people with AIDS (2008). Said studies were published in 2002. The article was written just this year, in March. While the studies proved to be useful in preparing the article, this reviewer feels that the assertion would have been more forceful had the authors included studies that are up to date. For one, the WHO citation came from a 2007 WHO report. It is without a doubt, an updated report. The impact is still fresh. The article talks of a prevalent epidemic so it is rather important to have supporting data that are latest. Earlier studies would only serve as basis for comparison. In the article, the authors explained how tuberculosis and HIV are associated (2008). The explanation is simply stated and since this article is intended for a medical journal, this critic thinks that the explanation is written well, no beating around the bush. Instead, the elucidation is done matter of fact. There is no need for supporting statement or evidence since the article is targeted for those in the field of medicine. Hence, an explanation like this is something that they know of well. They probably memorize it. Since the disease is focusing only on Africa, the authors are able to provide a national perspective on the epidemic. Figures culled from Africa-related studies are enumerated, making it plain for the readers to realize that that this article is about Africa related incident alone. The focus is Africa so the authors did not include statistics from other countries. This provides a clear focus on the subject. The authors also explained how the nation is dealing with the epidemic. They said that while NGOs have helped tremendously in solving Africa’s health plague, a huge chunk of the money is allocated from HIV and not for tuberculosis. There is no supporting evidence to back this statement. Hence, this reviewer believes that this bold statement would have made more impact had the authors gave further corroboration. However, this critic also believes that this would have been difficult to make. Funding agencies would probably just state that they are donating money to help Africa solve its health problems and that would encompass HIV, tuberculosis, etc. A donation is still a donation and any help extended should be received with gratitude. Perhaps, it would have been easy if further studies regarding HIV-driven tuberculosis deaths are published. By then, prospective donors would be the first to extend their arms in funding. The authors enumerated ways on how Africa could deal with this dilemma – taking on new strategies regarding its health care system. They also cited WHO’s intervention. Additionally, they listed a study conducted in 2005 on the impact of antiretroviral therapy involving HIV infected patients in Brazil. This is promising, especially for those directly involved with the African health care system. It is good that the authors included this recent development for it would be something that Africa could look into. On the whole, the article is well-written. It is easy to read. The organization of data is presented in a way that the readers, technical or non-technical, would be able to follow it. Furthermore, the authors are two authorities in their respective fields and that alone makes them credible in writing such piece. The statements (majority) are backed with supporting evidence. They did not claim on how to eradicate the outbreak. They merely provided suggestions, again with evidence, on how it could be done. How to cite Disease in the News, Papers

Why kids should wear school uniform free essay sample

Do school uniforms help curb violence, foster a better learning environment or promote discipline in students? Many people think so and are pushing schools to require them. Opinions about uniforms and dress codes vary about as much as the reasons for having them parents seem to love them and students seem to tolerate them at best. Nevertheless, many schools have jumped on the bandwagon despite students expressed concerns about their freedom of speech. In a 1996 Long Beach, Calif. speech, former President Bill Clinton announced his support of that districts uniform initiative. School uniforms are one step that may help break the cycle of violence, truancy and disorder by helping young students understand what really counts is what kind of people they are, Clinton said. It didnt take much more than this presidential nod of approval to get the uniform ball rolling in many school districts across the country. Requiring all students to wear the same cardigans, slacks or skirts is a practice employed throughout history and all over the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Why kids should wear school uniform or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page England, for example, even required uniforms in all public schools for a time. Recently, it seems American schools desperate for peace and order are willing to follow this trend in order to get their students on the right track. Present statistics in the Long Beach district seem to support the claim that the clothes students wear can affect the crime rate. Now, three years later, many districts have followed suit with public schools in Chicago, Dallas, Sacramento, Phoenix, Seattle, Kansas City, Memphis, Baltimore and Atlanta all making the jump to mandatory uniforms. The issue of school uniforms, whether in a private or public school, is not clear-cut. They seem to work best when whole school communities discuss and agree upon a policy and then enforce it. And most proponents agree that requiring uniforms will only bring success if other programs accompany it. Uniforms may be a part of the solution, but they are not the only way to improve schools.

What is liberal representative democracy and does the model provide an appropriate combination of freedom and equality

A liberal representative democracy should be understood as a form of democracy where we have people who are elected to represent others. In this case, representatives hold some power that is always regulated and defined by the constitution. In fact, the constitution in question prioritizes the protection of different liberties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What is ‘liberal representative democracy’ and does the model provide an appropriate combination of freedom and equality? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rights of minorities on an individualistic aspect are also taken care of and protected as far as liberal representative democracy is concerned. There are a lot of rights that are guaranteed under this form of democracy and this is commendable. For instance, freedom of speech and assembly are important rights that minorities and the whole society at large are supposed to be assured of (Sche b 56). This is well taken care of under this form of democracy. Equality before the law is something that has been synonymous with liberal representative democracy. Liberal representative democracy lays more emphasis on the due process when it comes to matters that deal with law. As far as this form of democracy is concerned, any elections that are held in a given country should be free and fair for all. This means that the ensuing electoral process should be as much competitive as possible. As a matter of fact, liberal representative democracy may take various forms as it has been practiced in different countries. In this form of democracy, everybody is granted the right to vote irrespective of his gender, race or the property that they own. This therefore implies that there is a lot of universal suffrage that is embraced. Liberal representative democracy is determined by the country’s constitution. In the long run, this will ultimately define the character of the state in q uestion.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The constitution in this case limits the powers that a given state will exercise over its citizens. This means that proper separation of powers has been well elaborated. As a matter of fact, there are a lot of checks and balances to ensure that the rights of citizens are not trampled upon (Chua 89). Most liberal representative democracies have always emphasized that the state should follow the rule of law for long term sustainability. This is as far as guaranteeing the existence of a given state is concerned. Therefore, the authority of the government should not be exercised using unknown laws as everything is supposed to be done in accordance to written, known and existing laws as per the constitution (Scheb 18). In fact, legitimate authority is enforced through known and acceptable procedures. Public disclosure of laws is the driving force behind liberal representative democracies because everything should be done to the knowledge of the public. The constitution has always acted as a guard in maintaining such forms of democracy. This is a representative democracy and it should emphasize on the liberty of its citizens as time goes by. The constitution should always act in the interest of the majority and this can be well achieved under this form of democracy. This means that the representatives should not act as the peoples proxies in any way. In this case, the wishes of the majority should be able to carry the day whereby they have the authority to carry out some initiatives that will take care of their interests. This is mostly necessary when people are facing various challenges that need immediate solutions which is acceptable. Therefore, in conclusion, this model provides an appropriate combination of freedom and equality beyond reasonable doubt. This is because of various reasons and practical aspects that have been seen in different countries as far as liberal representative democracy is concerned. It can be explained that this form of democracy provides a good combination because representatives are elected by people through free and fair means. Freedom and equality are guaranteed under this form of democracy because they are enshrined in the constitution which is always the supreme law of a given country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What is ‘liberal representative democracy’ and does the model provide an appropriate combination of freedom and equality? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that the law cannot be changed at any time by representatives at the expense of the citizens’ rights without them being involved and consulted (Chua 33). The rights of individuals are protected through enacted laws and this therefore enhances equality. In the process, the interests of minority gr oups in the country are also taken care of. The majority are respected in liberal representative democracies because citizens are always asked to vote in elections. Individual liberties of citizens are always guaranteed which promotes equality in the country. The civil society is given freedom to operate and this ensures that the rights of everybody are considered. Freedom and equality are provided for under this form of democracy because citizens can be given a chance to overrule a decision that will not take care of their interest through a referendum. Everybody is equal before the law and that is why it provides an appropriate combination of freedom and equality (Scheb 40). There are a lot of controlled institutions that guarantee constitutional rights that cultivate freedom and equality in any given country. All citizens in a liberal representative democracy are protected and this extends to property which enhances freedom and equality. This is because there will be equal opport unities for everybody in the whole country without fear of his/her property being confiscated. Works Cited Chua, Amy. World on Fire. New York: Doubleday, 2002. Print. Scheb, John. An Introduction to the American Legal System. New York: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006. Print. This essay on What is ‘liberal representative democracy’ and does the model provide an appropriate combination of freedom and equality? was written and submitted by user Leilani Steele to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Physiology and Pathophysiology essay

buy custom Physiology and Pathophysiology essay This article is talking about the new treatments and technologies that are available to aid in hearing. Of late, there have been advances in hearing researches which have shown that many people and more especially in developed countries like America are exposed to risks of loosing their hearing mechanism. This is brought about by working in noisy environments, diseases or even ototoxic drugs. Some causes of hearing difficulties are not easy to pinpoint and even aging can also lead to loss in hearing. There is the holy grail of hearing research which is out to restore hearing loss caused by damaged inner ear hair cells. Researchers have come up with an option that, introducing new cells which will behave like young cells with the ability to develop into cells of different types can assist restore hearing. This can be done through surgery. With noise induced hearing loss, N- acetylcystine (NAC) an antioxidant compound has been proved to reduce incidence of hearing loss by 25%. It is believed to neutralize toxins and helps injured tissue to repair itself and prevent other injured cells from dying. This lessens permanent deafness which is likely to be caused by noise (Fisher Pfleiderer, 1992). Another possible solution is the use of electrical stimulation inside the ear. This will restore and improve hear loss. This technology has been existing since the late 1800s and is working on well. The technologyhas assisted even those who are totally deaf by implanting an electrode array into the cochlea and then connecting it to an external audio processor to assist them hear. Tinnitus is another hearing condition where one hears phantom noise like hissing; hear ringing and clicking of sounds when these noises do not actually exist. This can be a serious condition to an extent of interfering with ones daily activities. The treatment for this condition include; relaxation music, use of neuromonics device which reduces the effects of tinnitus (Fisher Pfleiderer, 1992). With the new technology that has come up and that which is on the way, the future is promising for those experiencing hearing challenges and more especially the deaf. Reaction This is a good article as it is giving hope to those experiencing hearing problems due to various causes like noise, ototoxics, aging and medical problems. The problem of hearing is so common today and many people are loosing great opportunities in life because of not hearing. With the new technologies that are in existence today and those upcoming, lose of hearing is not going to be a problem any more in future (Roesser Ballanchanda, 1997). Individually I have handled many individuals suffering from hear loss. Some of them are potential people that can bring great changes to the world but this condition limits their abilities. One of my hiigh school teachers had to give up his profession due to loss of hearing. He was staying near a paper industry that was so noisy and he did not know that he was endangering his hearing. With time, he lost his hearing and resigned his job. His family went back to poverty because he was a widower and the breadwinner. His children could not access basic needs like food and clothing. They also dropped out of school. When he heard about the digital hearing aids, he tried it out and by good luck he could hear once again but with assistance of machines (Roesser Ballanchanda, 1997). It will be a good idea to not only assist these people with hearing aids, but to completely assist them get complete hearing in their systems. Wireless connectivity is turning the hearing aids into complete hearing systems and if this succeeds, we will have assisted the deaf and those experiencing hearing problems so much (Roesser Ballanchanda, 1997). Everyone experiencing hearing problems could like to be as mobile as any other normal person who can deliver and receive communication freely without problems. As a change agent, I can encourage our governments to support all those struggling to develop technologies of assisting the people experiencing hearing problems. For those experiencing these problems, it is good to seek medical advice as soon as possible before the condition worsens (Roesser Ballanchanda, 1997). Buy custom Physiology and Pathophysiology essay

BMW Mini(Case Study) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BMW Mini(Case Study) - Coursework Example Research has shown that the most efficient the operational management of the firm, the more industrious and productive a firm becomes. This report aims at analyzing the operations of the final assembly line at the Mini Oxford Plant at Cowley, and this will be achieved through evaluation of the applicability of various operational management theories and the managerial approaches used in the firm. Being an international organization, Mimi Oxford Plant needs to have defined operational processes and managerial strategies that enable organizations in meeting the needs of the targeted groups. To arrive at an evidence-based conclusion regarding the operations at the firm, various themes will be integrated to explain some theories that are significant in understanding the operational process of the organization. The delivery lead time will be assessed in the report, and this will allow for concrete conclusions and recommendations to be fostered to aid in the improvement of the operational processes of the firm. The recommendations made are based on the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities realized in the comp any with a focus on enhancing the performance of the firm. Mini Oxford Plant is owned and managed by the BMW that is a UK based Manufacturing Limited, and the major activities involved are manufacture of motor vehicle and motor spares. It is part of the Plant Hams Hall which is responsible for the production of engines, and Plant Swindon that is responsible for body pressing and where sub-assemblies are constructed. There are various models that are produced by the firm, and these are with inclusion of Morris Marina, Austin Ambassador and Austin Maxi among other models like Rover 75. The quality of the motors manufactured by the industry is great, contributing to its consideration as one of the most recognized motor manufacturing companies in the automobile industry along Toyota Company

Ethical and Moral Issues regarding Intellectual Property Research Paper

Ethical and Moral Issues regarding Intellectual Property - Research Paper Example Though most countries and worldwide authorities have developed IP protection laws to help these companies protect their properties, there remain significant legal and ethical issues in relation to the IP protection between companies and between countries. This piece of research paper addresses the ethical and moral issues regarding the intellectual ownership and copyright. Ethical and moral issues regarding intellectual ownership Ethics, corporate social responsibility and morality have got significant importance in business in recent years. Businesses are expected to be ethical, moral and socially responsible and thus they are expected not to counterfeit, copy and steal intellectual properties of other businesses. Intellectual property, as Credo Reference noted, is equivalent to the physical form of private property that people are allowed to own aspects of their mental creativity and innovation, images, inventions, literary and artistic works and therefore these can be traded as co mmodities and thus an individual or company can apply for an idea to be registered as their own property. There has been significant debate about the ownership of the intellectual property, but as per the definition is given below, intellectual property is the right of an individual or company that invented or discovered it. ... Â  the intellectual property, who is entitled to granting the right and who has right to transfer it contractually are some of the concerns regarding the ownership of the intellectual properties. However, when an intellectual property like patent, royalty etc have been registered with an authority, it becomes the right of a person or firm to whom it has been registered. As Freeman and Peace (2005) noted, once the ownership has been acquired, it doesn’t end except by the destruction of the material thing or incorporation to another. The ownership of intellectual property is always temporal because it is restricted in time and some point coming to an end and therefore legally, ethically and morally the ownership falls within the public domain. Maughan (2004) emphasized that the ownership of the intellectual property, though technically the highest estate, is not absolute ownership, and therefore ethically the rights of the owner are socially circumscribed in many different ways for many reasons and this may be curtailed at any time. Ethical and moral issues regarding Copyright ownership A copyright is legal to form of protection that is afforded to an original work of art or authorship that has been developed into a physical and tangible form (Ward, 2007, 1). A copyright is initially owned by a creative author or authors from his or their works. But according to the law, a person doesn’t necessarily need to create the work to be its author for the copyright purposes (Irving, 2011). A very common example is the creation of employees who work for an employer.